Saturday, September 17, 2022

Logit and Sigmoid Functions and its Calculus

Logit and Sigmoid Functions and its Calculus



Definitions


The sigmoid function is defined as:


sigmoid(x) = 1 ÷ (1 + e^(-x))


The logit function is defined as:  


logit(p) = ln (p ÷ (1 - p))


For logit(p) to have a real number answer, 0 ≤ p < 1



Transform from the Sigmoid Function to the Logit Function


We can easily transform from the sigmoid function to the logit function.  


Let s = sigmoid(x). Then:


s = 1 ÷ (1 + e^(-x))

s * (1 + e^(-x)) = 1

s + s * e^(-x) = 1

s * e^(-x) = 1 - s

e^(-x) = (1 - s) ÷ s

e^x = s ÷ (1 - s)

x = ln(s ÷ (1 - s)) = logit(s)


To transform from the logit function to the sigmoid function, just go backwards.  



Sigmoid Function:  Derivative and Integral


Derivative


s = sigmoid(x)

s = 1 ÷ (1 + e^(-x))


Using the quotient rule of derivatives:

ds/dx = [(1 + e^(-x)) * 0 - 1 * -e^(-x)] ÷ (1 + e^(-x))^2

= -(-e^(-x)) ÷ (1 + e^(-x))^2

= -e^(-x) ÷ (1 + e^(-x))^2



Integral


s = sigmoid(x)

s = 1 ÷ (1 + e^(-x))


Multiply both sides by e^x ÷ e^x:


s * (e^x ÷ e^x) = (e^x ÷ e^x) * (1 ÷ (1 + e^(-x)))

s = e^x ÷ (e^x + 1)


Integral:

∫ e^x ÷ (e^x + 1) dx


Let u = e^x + 1.  Then du = e^x dx 

= ∫  du ÷ (u + 1) 

= ln (u + 1) + C

= ln (e^x + 1) + C


Summary:

d/dx sigmoid(x) = -e^(-x) ÷ (1 + e^(-x))^2

∫ sigmoid(x) dx = ln (e^x + 1) + C



Logit Function:  Derivative and Integral


Derivative


logit(p) = ln (p ÷ (1 - p))

L = ln (p ÷ (1 - p))


Derivative:

dL/dp =  [(1 - p) ÷ p] * d/dp ln (p ÷ (1 - p))

=  [(1 - p) ÷ p] * [(1 - p) * 1 - p * (-1)] ÷ [(1 - p)^2] 

=  [(1 - p) ÷ p] * [1 - p + p] ÷ [(1 - p)^2]

=  [(1 - p) ÷ p] * 1 ÷ (1 - p)^2

= 1 ÷ [p * (1 - p)]


Integral:

∫ ln (p ÷ (1 - p)) dp


By integration by parts:

u = ln (p ÷ (1 - p)) 

du = 1 ÷ [p * (1 - p)] dp


v = dp

v = p


Then:

∫u dv

= p * ln ( p ÷ (1 - p)) - ∫ p ÷ (1 - p) dp

= p * ln ( p ÷ (1 - p)) + ∫ -p ÷ (1 - p) dp

= p * ln ( p ÷ (1 - p)) + ln(1 - p) + C


In Summary:

d/dp logit(p) = 1 ÷ [p * (1 - p)]

∫ logit(p) dp = p * ln ( p ÷ (1 - p)) + ln(1 - p) + C


Eddie


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